2026

-- Traditional PostgreSQL bulk processing - inefficient and resource-intensive

-- Standard approach using individual INSERT statements
DO $$
DECLARE
    record_data RECORD;
    batch_size INTEGER := 1000;
    processed_count INTEGER := 0;
    total_records INTEGER;
BEGIN
    -- Count total records to process
    SELECT COUNT(*) INTO total_records FROM staging_data;

    -- Process records one by one (inefficient)
    FOR record_data IN 
        SELECT id, user_id, transaction_amount, transaction_date, metadata 
        FROM staging_data 
        ORDER BY id
    LOOP
        -- Individual INSERT - causes overhead per operation
        INSERT INTO user_transactions (
            user_id,
            amount,
            transaction_date,
            metadata,
            processed_at
        ) VALUES (
            record_data.user_id,
            record_data.transaction_amount,
            record_data.transaction_date,
            record_data.metadata,
            CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
        );

        processed_count := processed_count + 1;

        -- Commit every batch_size records to avoid long transactions
        IF processed_count % batch_size = 0 THEN
            COMMIT;
            RAISE NOTICE 'Processed % of % records', processed_count, total_records;
        END IF;
    END LOOP;

    -- Final commit
    COMMIT;
    RAISE NOTICE 'Completed processing % total records', total_records;

EXCEPTION 
    WHEN OTHERS THEN
        ROLLBACK;
        RAISE NOTICE 'Error processing bulk data: %', SQLERRM;
END $$;

-- Problems with traditional single-record approach:
-- 1. Extremely high overhead - one network round-trip per operation
-- 2. Poor throughput - typically 1,000-5,000 operations/second maximum
-- 3. Resource exhaustion - excessive connection and memory usage
-- 4. Limited error handling - single failure can abort entire batch
-- 5. Lock contention - frequent commits cause index lock overhead
-- 6. No optimization for similar operations
-- 7. Difficult progress tracking and resume capability
-- 8. Poor CPU and I/O efficiency due to constant context switching

-- Attempt at bulk INSERT (better but still limited)
INSERT INTO user_transactions (user_id, amount, transaction_date, metadata, processed_at)
SELECT 
    user_id,
    transaction_amount,
    transaction_date,
    metadata,
    CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
FROM staging_data;

-- Issues with basic bulk INSERT:
-- - All-or-nothing behavior - single bad record fails entire batch
-- - No granular error reporting
-- - Limited to INSERT operations only
-- - Difficult to handle conflicts or duplicates
-- - No support for conditional operations
-- - Memory constraints with very large datasets
-- - Poor performance with complex transformations

-- MySQL limitations (even more restrictive)
INSERT INTO user_transactions (user_id, amount, transaction_date, metadata)
VALUES 
    (1001, 150.00, '2024-01-15', '{"category": "purchase"}'),
    (1002, 75.50, '2024-01-15', '{"category": "refund"}'),
    (1003, 200.00, '2024-01-15', '{"category": "purchase"}');
    -- Repeat for potentially millions of records...

-- MySQL bulk processing problems:
-- - Maximum query size limitations
-- - Poor error handling for mixed success/failure scenarios  
-- - Limited transaction size support
-- - No built-in upsert capabilities
-- - Difficult conflict resolution
-- - Poor performance with large batch sizes
-- - Memory exhaustion with complex operations

// MongoDB Bulk Operations - high-performance batch processing
const { MongoClient } = require('mongodb');

const client = new MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017');
const db = client.db('high_performance_db');

// Advanced bulk operations system for high-throughput data processing
class HighThroughputBulkProcessor {
  constructor(db, config = {}) {
    this.db = db;
    this.config = {
      batchSize: config.batchSize || 10000,
      maxParallelBatches: config.maxParallelBatches || 5,
      retryAttempts: config.retryAttempts || 3,
      retryDelay: config.retryDelay || 1000,
      enableMetrics: config.enableMetrics !== false,
      ...config
    };

    this.metrics = {
      totalOperations: 0,
      successfulOperations: 0,
      failedOperations: 0,
      batchesProcessed: 0,
      processingTime: 0,
      throughputHistory: []
    };

    this.collections = new Map();
    this.activeOperations = new Set();
  }

  async setupOptimizedCollections() {
    console.log('Setting up collections for high-performance bulk operations...');

    const collectionConfigs = [
      {
        name: 'user_transactions',
        indexes: [
          { key: { userId: 1, transactionDate: -1 } },
          { key: { transactionType: 1, status: 1 } },
          { key: { amount: 1 } },
          { key: { createdAt: -1 } }
        ],
        options: { 
          writeConcern: { w: 'majority', j: true },
          readConcern: { level: 'majority' }
        }
      },
      {
        name: 'user_profiles',
        indexes: [
          { key: { email: 1 }, unique: true },
          { key: { userId: 1 }, unique: true },
          { key: { lastLoginDate: -1 } },
          { key: { 'preferences.category': 1 } }
        ]
      },
      {
        name: 'product_analytics',
        indexes: [
          { key: { productId: 1, eventDate: -1 } },
          { key: { eventType: 1, processed: 1 } },
          { key: { userId: 1, eventDate: -1 } }
        ]
      },
      {
        name: 'audit_logs',
        indexes: [
          { key: { entityId: 1, timestamp: -1 } },
          { key: { action: 1, timestamp: -1 } },
          { key: { userId: 1, timestamp: -1 } }
        ]
      }
    ];

    for (const config of collectionConfigs) {
      const collection = this.db.collection(config.name);
      this.collections.set(config.name, collection);

      // Create indexes for optimal bulk operation performance
      for (const index of config.indexes) {
        try {
          await collection.createIndex(index.key, index.unique ? { unique: true } : {});
          console.log(`Created index on ${config.name}:`, index.key);
        } catch (error) {
          console.warn(`Index creation warning for ${config.name}:`, error.message);
        }
      }
    }

    console.log(`Initialized ${collectionConfigs.length} collections for bulk operations`);
    return this.collections;
  }

  async bulkInsertOptimized(collectionName, documents, options = {}) {
    console.log(`Starting bulk insert for ${documents.length} documents in ${collectionName}...`);
    const startTime = Date.now();

    const collection = this.collections.get(collectionName);
    if (!collection) {
      throw new Error(`Collection ${collectionName} not found. Initialize collections first.`);
    }

    const {
      batchSize = this.config.batchSize,
      ordered = false,
      writeConcern = { w: 'majority', j: true },
      enableValidation = true,
      enableProgressReporting = true
    } = options;

    let totalInserted = 0;
    let totalErrors = 0;
    const results = [];
    const errors = [];

    // Process documents in optimized batches
    for (let i = 0; i < documents.length; i += batchSize) {
      const batch = documents.slice(i, i + batchSize);
      const batchNumber = Math.floor(i / batchSize) + 1;

      try {
        // Validate documents if enabled
        if (enableValidation) {
          await this.validateDocumentBatch(batch, collectionName);
        }

        // Execute bulk insert with optimized settings
        const result = await collection.insertMany(batch, {
          ordered: ordered,
          writeConcern: writeConcern,
          bypassDocumentValidation: !enableValidation
        });

        totalInserted += result.insertedCount;
        results.push({
          batchNumber,
          insertedCount: result.insertedCount,
          insertedIds: result.insertedIds
        });

        // Progress reporting
        if (enableProgressReporting) {
          const progress = ((i + batch.length) / documents.length * 100).toFixed(1);
          const throughput = Math.round(totalInserted / ((Date.now() - startTime) / 1000));
          console.log(`Batch ${batchNumber}: ${result.insertedCount} inserted, ${progress}% complete, ${throughput} docs/sec`);
        }

      } catch (error) {
        totalErrors++;
        console.error(`Batch ${batchNumber} failed:`, error.message);

        // Handle partial failures in unordered mode
        if (!ordered && error.result) {
          const partialInserted = error.result.nInserted || 0;
          totalInserted += partialInserted;

          errors.push({
            batchNumber,
            error: error.message,
            insertedCount: partialInserted,
            failedOperations: error.writeErrors || []
          });
        } else {
          errors.push({
            batchNumber,
            error: error.message,
            insertedCount: 0
          });
        }
      }
    }

    const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
    const throughput = Math.round(totalInserted / (totalTime / 1000));

    // Update metrics
    this.updateMetrics('insert', totalInserted, totalErrors, totalTime);

    const summary = {
      success: totalErrors === 0,
      totalDocuments: documents.length,
      totalInserted: totalInserted,
      totalBatches: Math.ceil(documents.length / batchSize),
      failedBatches: totalErrors,
      executionTime: totalTime,
      throughput: throughput,
      results: results,
      errors: errors.length > 0 ? errors : undefined
    };

    console.log(`Bulk insert completed: ${totalInserted}/${documents.length} documents in ${totalTime}ms (${throughput} docs/sec)`);
    return summary;
  }

  async bulkUpdateOptimized(collectionName, updateOperations, options = {}) {
    console.log(`Starting bulk update for ${updateOperations.length} operations in ${collectionName}...`);
    const startTime = Date.now();

    const collection = this.collections.get(collectionName);
    if (!collection) {
      throw new Error(`Collection ${collectionName} not found`);
    }

    const {
      batchSize = this.config.batchSize,
      ordered = false,
      writeConcern = { w: 'majority', j: true }
    } = options;

    let totalModified = 0;
    let totalMatched = 0;
    let totalUpserted = 0;
    const results = [];
    const errors = [];

    // Process operations in batches
    for (let i = 0; i < updateOperations.length; i += batchSize) {
      const batch = updateOperations.slice(i, i + batchSize);
      const batchNumber = Math.floor(i / batchSize) + 1;

      try {
        // Build bulk update operation
        const bulkOp = collection.initializeUnorderedBulkOp();

        for (const operation of batch) {
          const { filter, update, options: opOptions = {} } = operation;

          if (opOptions.upsert) {
            bulkOp.find(filter).upsert().updateOne(update);
          } else if (operation.type === 'updateMany') {
            bulkOp.find(filter).update(update);
          } else {
            bulkOp.find(filter).updateOne(update);
          }
        }

        // Execute bulk operation
        const result = await bulkOp.execute({ writeConcern });

        totalModified += result.modifiedCount || 0;
        totalMatched += result.matchedCount || 0;  
        totalUpserted += result.upsertedCount || 0;

        results.push({
          batchNumber,
          matchedCount: result.matchedCount,
          modifiedCount: result.modifiedCount,
          upsertedCount: result.upsertedCount,
          upsertedIds: result.upsertedIds
        });

        const progress = ((i + batch.length) / updateOperations.length * 100).toFixed(1);
        console.log(`Update batch ${batchNumber}: ${result.modifiedCount} modified, ${progress}% complete`);

      } catch (error) {
        console.error(`Update batch ${batchNumber} failed:`, error.message);

        // Handle partial results from bulk write errors
        if (error.result) {
          totalModified += error.result.nModified || 0;
          totalMatched += error.result.nMatched || 0;
          totalUpserted += error.result.nUpserted || 0;
        }

        errors.push({
          batchNumber,
          error: error.message,
          writeErrors: error.writeErrors || []
        });
      }
    }

    const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
    const throughput = Math.round(totalModified / (totalTime / 1000));

    this.updateMetrics('update', totalModified, errors.length, totalTime);

    return {
      success: errors.length === 0,
      totalOperations: updateOperations.length,
      totalMatched: totalMatched,
      totalModified: totalModified, 
      totalUpserted: totalUpserted,
      executionTime: totalTime,
      throughput: throughput,
      results: results,
      errors: errors.length > 0 ? errors : undefined
    };
  }

  async bulkUpsertOptimized(collectionName, upsertOperations, options = {}) {
    console.log(`Starting bulk upsert for ${upsertOperations.length} operations in ${collectionName}...`);

    const {
      batchSize = this.config.batchSize,
      enableDeduplication = true
    } = options;

    // Deduplicate operations based on filter if enabled
    let processedOperations = upsertOperations;
    if (enableDeduplication) {
      processedOperations = this.deduplicateUpsertOperations(upsertOperations);
      console.log(`Deduplicated ${upsertOperations.length} operations to ${processedOperations.length}`);
    }

    // Convert upsert operations to bulk update operations
    const updateOperations = processedOperations.map(op => ({
      filter: op.filter,
      update: op.update,
      options: { upsert: true }
    }));

    return await this.bulkUpdateOptimized(collectionName, updateOperations, {
      ...options,
      batchSize
    });
  }

  async bulkDeleteOptimized(collectionName, deleteFilters, options = {}) {
    console.log(`Starting bulk delete for ${deleteFilters.length} operations in ${collectionName}...`);
    const startTime = Date.now();

    const collection = this.collections.get(collectionName);
    if (!collection) {
      throw new Error(`Collection ${collectionName} not found`);
    }

    const {
      batchSize = this.config.batchSize,
      deleteMany = false,
      writeConcern = { w: 'majority', j: true }
    } = options;

    let totalDeleted = 0;
    const results = [];
    const errors = [];

    for (let i = 0; i < deleteFilters.length; i += batchSize) {
      const batch = deleteFilters.slice(i, i + batchSize);
      const batchNumber = Math.floor(i / batchSize) + 1;

      try {
        const bulkOp = collection.initializeUnorderedBulkOp();

        for (const filter of batch) {
          if (deleteMany) {
            bulkOp.find(filter).delete();
          } else {
            bulkOp.find(filter).deleteOne();
          }
        }

        const result = await bulkOp.execute({ writeConcern });
        const deletedCount = result.deletedCount || 0;

        totalDeleted += deletedCount;
        results.push({
          batchNumber,
          deletedCount
        });

        const progress = ((i + batch.length) / deleteFilters.length * 100).toFixed(1);
        console.log(`Delete batch ${batchNumber}: ${deletedCount} deleted, ${progress}% complete`);

      } catch (error) {
        console.error(`Delete batch ${batchNumber} failed:`, error.message);
        errors.push({
          batchNumber,
          error: error.message
        });
      }
    }

    const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
    const throughput = Math.round(totalDeleted / (totalTime / 1000));

    this.updateMetrics('delete', totalDeleted, errors.length, totalTime);

    return {
      success: errors.length === 0,
      totalOperations: deleteFilters.length,
      totalDeleted: totalDeleted,
      executionTime: totalTime,
      throughput: throughput,
      results: results,
      errors: errors.length > 0 ? errors : undefined
    };
  }

  async mixedBulkOperations(collectionName, operations, options = {}) {
    console.log(`Starting mixed bulk operations: ${operations.length} operations in ${collectionName}...`);
    const startTime = Date.now();

    const collection = this.collections.get(collectionName);
    const {
      batchSize = this.config.batchSize,
      writeConcern = { w: 'majority', j: true }
    } = options;

    let totalInserted = 0;
    let totalModified = 0;
    let totalDeleted = 0;
    let totalUpserted = 0;
    const results = [];
    const errors = [];

    for (let i = 0; i < operations.length; i += batchSize) {
      const batch = operations.slice(i, i + batchSize);
      const batchNumber = Math.floor(i / batchSize) + 1;

      try {
        const bulkOp = collection.initializeUnorderedBulkOp();

        for (const operation of batch) {
          switch (operation.type) {
            case 'insert':
              bulkOp.insert(operation.document);
              break;

            case 'update':
              bulkOp.find(operation.filter).updateOne(operation.update);
              break;

            case 'updateMany':
              bulkOp.find(operation.filter).update(operation.update);
              break;

            case 'upsert':
              bulkOp.find(operation.filter).upsert().updateOne(operation.update);
              break;

            case 'delete':
              bulkOp.find(operation.filter).deleteOne();
              break;

            case 'deleteMany':
              bulkOp.find(operation.filter).delete();
              break;

            case 'replace':
              bulkOp.find(operation.filter).replaceOne(operation.replacement);
              break;

            default:
              throw new Error(`Unknown operation type: ${operation.type}`);
          }
        }

        const result = await bulkOp.execute({ writeConcern });

        totalInserted += result.insertedCount || 0;
        totalModified += result.modifiedCount || 0;
        totalDeleted += result.deletedCount || 0;
        totalUpserted += result.upsertedCount || 0;

        results.push({
          batchNumber,
          insertedCount: result.insertedCount,
          modifiedCount: result.modifiedCount,
          deletedCount: result.deletedCount,
          upsertedCount: result.upsertedCount,
          matchedCount: result.matchedCount
        });

        const progress = ((i + batch.length) / operations.length * 100).toFixed(1);
        console.log(`Mixed batch ${batchNumber}: ${batch.length} operations completed, ${progress}% complete`);

      } catch (error) {
        console.error(`Mixed batch ${batchNumber} failed:`, error.message);
        errors.push({
          batchNumber,
          error: error.message,
          writeErrors: error.writeErrors || []
        });
      }
    }

    const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;
    const totalOperations = totalInserted + totalModified + totalDeleted;
    const throughput = Math.round(totalOperations / (totalTime / 1000));

    this.updateMetrics('mixed', totalOperations, errors.length, totalTime);

    return {
      success: errors.length === 0,
      totalOperations: operations.length,
      executionSummary: {
        inserted: totalInserted,
        modified: totalModified,
        deleted: totalDeleted,
        upserted: totalUpserted
      },
      executionTime: totalTime,
      throughput: throughput,
      results: results,
      errors: errors.length > 0 ? errors : undefined
    };
  }

  async parallelBulkProcessing(collectionName, operationBatches, operationType = 'insert') {
    console.log(`Starting parallel bulk processing: ${operationBatches.length} batches in ${collectionName}...`);
    const startTime = Date.now();

    const maxParallel = Math.min(this.config.maxParallelBatches, operationBatches.length);
    const results = [];
    const errors = [];

    // Process batches in parallel with controlled concurrency
    const processBatch = async (batch, batchIndex) => {
      try {
        let result;
        switch (operationType) {
          case 'insert':
            result = await this.bulkInsertOptimized(collectionName, batch, {
              enableProgressReporting: false
            });
            break;
          case 'update':
            result = await this.bulkUpdateOptimized(collectionName, batch, {});
            break;
          case 'delete':
            result = await this.bulkDeleteOptimized(collectionName, batch, {});
            break;
          default:
            throw new Error(`Unsupported parallel operation type: ${operationType}`);
        }

        return { batchIndex, result, success: true };
      } catch (error) {
        console.error(`Parallel batch ${batchIndex} failed:`, error.message);
        return { batchIndex, error: error.message, success: false };
      }
    };

    // Execute batches with controlled parallelism
    for (let i = 0; i < operationBatches.length; i += maxParallel) {
      const parallelBatch = operationBatches.slice(i, i + maxParallel);
      const promises = parallelBatch.map((batch, index) => processBatch(batch, i + index));

      const batchResults = await Promise.all(promises);

      for (const batchResult of batchResults) {
        if (batchResult.success) {
          results.push(batchResult.result);
        } else {
          errors.push(batchResult);
        }
      }

      const progress = ((i + parallelBatch.length) / operationBatches.length * 100).toFixed(1);
      console.log(`Parallel processing: ${progress}% complete`);
    }

    const totalTime = Date.now() - startTime;

    // Aggregate results
    const aggregatedResult = {
      success: errors.length === 0,
      totalBatches: operationBatches.length,
      successfulBatches: results.length,
      failedBatches: errors.length,
      executionTime: totalTime,
      results: results,
      errors: errors.length > 0 ? errors : undefined
    };

    // Calculate total operations processed
    let totalOperations = 0;
    for (const result of results) {
      totalOperations += result.totalInserted || result.totalModified || result.totalDeleted || 0;
    }

    aggregatedResult.totalOperations = totalOperations;
    aggregatedResult.throughput = Math.round(totalOperations / (totalTime / 1000));

    console.log(`Parallel bulk processing completed: ${totalOperations} operations in ${totalTime}ms (${aggregatedResult.throughput} ops/sec)`);
    return aggregatedResult;
  }

  async validateDocumentBatch(documents, collectionName) {
    // Basic document validation
    const requiredFields = this.getRequiredFields(collectionName);

    for (const doc of documents) {
      for (const field of requiredFields) {
        if (doc[field] === undefined || doc[field] === null) {
          throw new Error(`Required field '${field}' missing in document`);
        }
      }
    }

    return true;
  }

  getRequiredFields(collectionName) {
    const fieldMap = {
      'user_transactions': ['userId', 'amount', 'transactionType'],
      'user_profiles': ['userId', 'email'],
      'product_analytics': ['productId', 'eventType', 'eventDate'],
      'audit_logs': ['entityId', 'action', 'timestamp']
    };

    return fieldMap[collectionName] || [];
  }

  deduplicateUpsertOperations(operations) {
    const seen = new Map();
    const deduplicated = [];

    for (const operation of operations) {
      const filterKey = JSON.stringify(operation.filter);
      if (!seen.has(filterKey)) {
        seen.set(filterKey, true);
        deduplicated.push(operation);
      }
    }

    return deduplicated;
  }

  updateMetrics(operationType, successCount, errorCount, executionTime) {
    if (!this.config.enableMetrics) return;

    this.metrics.totalOperations += successCount + errorCount;
    this.metrics.successfulOperations += successCount;
    this.metrics.failedOperations += errorCount;
    this.metrics.batchesProcessed++;
    this.metrics.processingTime += executionTime;

    const throughput = Math.round(successCount / (executionTime / 1000));
    this.metrics.throughputHistory.push({
      timestamp: new Date(),
      operationType,
      throughput,
      successCount,
      errorCount
    });

    // Keep only last 100 throughput measurements
    if (this.metrics.throughputHistory.length > 100) {
      this.metrics.throughputHistory.shift();
    }
  }

  getPerformanceMetrics() {
    const recentThroughput = this.metrics.throughputHistory.slice(-10);
    const avgThroughput = recentThroughput.length > 0 
      ? Math.round(recentThroughput.reduce((sum, t) => sum + t.throughput, 0) / recentThroughput.length)
      : 0;

    return {
      totalOperations: this.metrics.totalOperations,
      successfulOperations: this.metrics.successfulOperations,
      failedOperations: this.metrics.failedOperations,
      successRate: this.metrics.totalOperations > 0 
        ? ((this.metrics.successfulOperations / this.metrics.totalOperations) * 100).toFixed(2) + '%'
        : '0%',
      batchesProcessed: this.metrics.batchesProcessed,
      totalProcessingTime: this.metrics.processingTime,
      averageThroughput: avgThroughput,
      recentThroughputHistory: recentThroughput
    };
  }

  async shutdown() {
    console.log('Shutting down bulk processor...');

    // Wait for active operations to complete
    if (this.activeOperations.size > 0) {
      console.log(`Waiting for ${this.activeOperations.size} active operations to complete...`);
      await Promise.allSettled(Array.from(this.activeOperations));
    }

    console.log('Bulk processor shutdown complete');
    console.log('Final Performance Metrics:', this.getPerformanceMetrics());
  }
}

// Example usage and demonstration
const demonstrateBulkOperations = async () => {
  try {
    const processor = new HighThroughputBulkProcessor(db, {
      batchSize: 5000,
      maxParallelBatches: 3,
      enableMetrics: true
    });

    // Initialize collections
    await processor.setupOptimizedCollections();

    // Generate sample data for demonstration
    const sampleTransactions = Array.from({ length: 50000 }, (_, index) => ({
      _id: new ObjectId(),
      userId: `user_${Math.floor(Math.random() * 10000)}`,
      amount: Math.round((Math.random() * 1000 + 10) * 100) / 100,
      transactionType: ['purchase', 'refund', 'transfer'][Math.floor(Math.random() * 3)],
      transactionDate: new Date(Date.now() - Math.random() * 30 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000),
      metadata: {
        category: ['electronics', 'clothing', 'books', 'food'][Math.floor(Math.random() * 4)],
        channel: ['web', 'mobile', 'api'][Math.floor(Math.random() * 3)]
      },
      createdAt: new Date()
    }));

    // Bulk insert demonstration
    console.log('\n=== Bulk Insert Demonstration ===');
    const insertResult = await processor.bulkInsertOptimized('user_transactions', sampleTransactions);
    console.log('Insert Result:', insertResult);

    // Bulk update demonstration
    console.log('\n=== Bulk Update Demonstration ===');
    const updateOperations = Array.from({ length: 10000 }, (_, index) => ({
      filter: { userId: `user_${index % 1000}` },
      update: { 
        $inc: { totalSpent: Math.round(Math.random() * 100) },
        $set: { lastUpdated: new Date() }
      },
      type: 'updateMany'
    }));

    const updateResult = await processor.bulkUpdateOptimized('user_transactions', updateOperations);
    console.log('Update Result:', updateResult);

    // Mixed operations demonstration
    console.log('\n=== Mixed Operations Demonstration ===');
    const mixedOperations = [
      // Insert operations
      ...Array.from({ length: 1000 }, (_, index) => ({
        type: 'insert',
        document: {
          userId: `new_user_${index}`,
          email: `newuser${index}@example.com`,
          createdAt: new Date()
        }
      })),

      // Update operations
      ...Array.from({ length: 500 }, (_, index) => ({
        type: 'update',
        filter: { userId: `user_${index}` },
        update: { $set: { status: 'active', lastLogin: new Date() } }
      })),

      // Upsert operations
      ...Array.from({ length: 300 }, (_, index) => ({
        type: 'upsert',
        filter: { email: `upsert${index}@example.com` },
        update: { 
          $set: { 
            email: `upsert${index}@example.com`,
            status: 'new'
          },
          $setOnInsert: { createdAt: new Date() }
        }
      }))
    ];

    const mixedResult = await processor.mixedBulkOperations('user_profiles', mixedOperations);
    console.log('Mixed Operations Result:', mixedResult);

    // Performance metrics
    console.log('\n=== Performance Metrics ===');
    console.log(processor.getPerformanceMetrics());

    return processor;

  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Bulk operations demonstration failed:', error);
    throw error;
  }
};

// Benefits of MongoDB Bulk Operations:
// - Dramatically improved throughput (10x-100x faster than individual operations)
// - Reduced network overhead with batch processing
// - Built-in error handling for partial failures
// - Flexible operation mixing (insert, update, delete in same batch)
// - Automatic optimization and connection pooling
// - Support for ordered and unordered operations
// - Native upsert capabilities with conflict resolution
// - Comprehensive result reporting and metrics
// - Memory-efficient processing of large datasets
// - Integration with MongoDB's write concerns and read preferences

module.exports = {
  HighThroughputBulkProcessor,
  demonstrateBulkOperations
};

// Advanced bulk processing patterns and optimization strategies
class ProductionBulkProcessor extends HighThroughputBulkProcessor {
  constructor(db, config = {}) {
    super(db, config);
    this.processingQueue = [];
    this.workerPool = [];
    this.compressionEnabled = config.compressionEnabled || false;
    this.retryQueue = [];
    this.deadLetterQueue = [];
  }

  async setupStreamingBulkProcessor() {
    console.log('Setting up streaming bulk processor for continuous data ingestion...');

    const streamProcessor = {
      bufferSize: this.config.streamBufferSize || 1000,
      flushInterval: this.config.streamFlushInterval || 5000, // 5 seconds
      buffer: [],
      lastFlush: Date.now(),
      totalProcessed: 0
    };

    // Streaming insert processor
    const streamingInsert = async (documents, collectionName) => {
      streamProcessor.buffer.push(...documents);

      const shouldFlush = streamProcessor.buffer.length >= streamProcessor.bufferSize ||
                         (Date.now() - streamProcessor.lastFlush) >= streamProcessor.flushInterval;

      if (shouldFlush && streamProcessor.buffer.length > 0) {
        const toProcess = [...streamProcessor.buffer];
        streamProcessor.buffer = [];
        streamProcessor.lastFlush = Date.now();

        try {
          const result = await this.bulkInsertOptimized(collectionName, toProcess, {
            enableProgressReporting: false
          });

          streamProcessor.totalProcessed += result.totalInserted;
          console.log(`Streamed ${result.totalInserted} documents, total: ${streamProcessor.totalProcessed}`);

          return result;
        } catch (error) {
          console.error('Streaming insert error:', error);
          // Add failed documents to retry queue
          this.retryQueue.push(...toProcess);
        }
      }
    };

    // Automatic flushing interval
    const flushInterval = setInterval(async () => {
      if (streamProcessor.buffer.length > 0) {
        await streamingInsert([], 'user_transactions'); // Flush buffer
      }
    }, streamProcessor.flushInterval);

    return {
      streamingInsert,
      getStats: () => ({
        bufferSize: streamProcessor.buffer.length,
        totalProcessed: streamProcessor.totalProcessed,
        lastFlush: streamProcessor.lastFlush
      }),
      shutdown: () => {
        clearInterval(flushInterval);
        return streamingInsert([], 'user_transactions'); // Final flush
      }
    };
  }

  async setupPriorityQueueProcessor() {
    console.log('Setting up priority queue bulk processor...');

    const priorityLevels = {
      CRITICAL: 1,
      HIGH: 2, 
      NORMAL: 3,
      LOW: 4
    };

    const priorityQueues = new Map();
    Object.values(priorityLevels).forEach(level => {
      priorityQueues.set(level, []);
    });

    const processQueue = async () => {
      // Process queues by priority
      for (const [priority, queue] of priorityQueues.entries()) {
        if (queue.length === 0) continue;

        const batchSize = this.calculateDynamicBatchSize(priority, queue.length);
        const batch = queue.splice(0, batchSize);

        if (batch.length > 0) {
          try {
            await this.processPriorityBatch(batch, priority);
          } catch (error) {
            console.error(`Priority ${priority} batch failed:`, error);
            // Re-queue with lower priority or move to retry queue
            this.handlePriorityFailure(batch, priority);
          }
        }
      }
    };

    // Start priority processor
    const processorInterval = setInterval(processQueue, 1000);

    return {
      addToPriorityQueue: (operations, priority = priorityLevels.NORMAL) => {
        if (!priorityQueues.has(priority)) {
          throw new Error(`Invalid priority level: ${priority}`);
        }
        priorityQueues.get(priority).push(...operations);
      },
      getQueueStats: () => {
        const stats = {};
        for (const [priority, queue] of priorityQueues.entries()) {
          stats[`priority_${priority}`] = queue.length;
        }
        return stats;
      },
      shutdown: () => clearInterval(processorInterval)
    };
  }

  calculateDynamicBatchSize(priority, queueLength) {
    // Adjust batch size based on priority and queue length
    const baseBatchSize = this.config.batchSize;

    switch (priority) {
      case 1: // CRITICAL - smaller batches for faster processing
        return Math.min(baseBatchSize / 2, queueLength);
      case 2: // HIGH - normal batch size
        return Math.min(baseBatchSize, queueLength);
      case 3: // NORMAL - larger batches for efficiency
        return Math.min(baseBatchSize * 1.5, queueLength);
      case 4: // LOW - maximum batch size for throughput
        return Math.min(baseBatchSize * 2, queueLength);
      default:
        return Math.min(baseBatchSize, queueLength);
    }
  }

  async setupAdaptiveBatchSizing() {
    console.log('Setting up adaptive batch sizing system...');

    const adaptiveConfig = {
      minBatchSize: 100,
      maxBatchSize: 20000,
      targetLatency: 2000, // 2 seconds
      adjustmentFactor: 0.1,
      performanceHistory: []
    };

    const adjustBatchSize = (currentSize, latency, throughput) => {
      let newSize = currentSize;

      if (latency > adaptiveConfig.targetLatency) {
        // Latency too high - reduce batch size
        newSize = Math.max(
          adaptiveConfig.minBatchSize,
          Math.floor(currentSize * (1 - adaptiveConfig.adjustmentFactor))
        );
      } else if (latency < adaptiveConfig.targetLatency * 0.5) {
        // Latency good - try increasing batch size for better throughput
        newSize = Math.min(
          adaptiveConfig.maxBatchSize,
          Math.floor(currentSize * (1 + adaptiveConfig.adjustmentFactor))
        );
      }

      adaptiveConfig.performanceHistory.push({
        timestamp: new Date(),
        batchSize: currentSize,
        latency,
        throughput,
        newBatchSize: newSize
      });

      // Keep only last 50 measurements
      if (adaptiveConfig.performanceHistory.length > 50) {
        adaptiveConfig.performanceHistory.shift();
      }

      return newSize;
    };

    return {
      getOptimalBatchSize: (operationType, currentLatency, currentThroughput) => {
        return adjustBatchSize(this.config.batchSize, currentLatency, currentThroughput);
      },
      getPerformanceHistory: () => adaptiveConfig.performanceHistory,
      getConfig: () => adaptiveConfig
    };
  }

  async setupCompressedBulkOperations() {
    console.log('Setting up compressed bulk operations...');

    if (!this.compressionEnabled) {
      console.log('Compression not enabled, skipping setup');
      return null;
    }

    const zlib = require('zlib');

    const compressDocuments = async (documents) => {
      const serialized = JSON.stringify(documents);
      return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        zlib.gzip(serialized, (error, compressed) => {
          if (error) reject(error);
          else resolve(compressed);
        });
      });
    };

    const decompressDocuments = async (compressed) => {
      return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        zlib.gunzip(compressed, (error, decompressed) => {
          if (error) reject(error);
          else resolve(JSON.parse(decompressed.toString()));
        });
      });
    };

    return {
      compressedBulkInsert: async (collectionName, documents) => {
        const startCompress = Date.now();
        const compressed = await compressDocuments(documents);
        const compressTime = Date.now() - startCompress;

        const originalSize = JSON.stringify(documents).length;
        const compressedSize = compressed.length;
        const compressionRatio = (compressedSize / originalSize * 100).toFixed(2);

        console.log(`Compression: ${originalSize} -> ${compressedSize} bytes (${compressionRatio}%) in ${compressTime}ms`);

        // For demo - in practice you'd send compressed data to a queue or storage
        const decompressed = await decompressDocuments(compressed);
        return await this.bulkInsertOptimized(collectionName, decompressed);
      },

      compressionStats: (documents) => {
        const originalSize = JSON.stringify(documents).length;
        return {
          originalSizeBytes: originalSize,
          estimatedCompressionRatio: '60-80%', // Typical JSON compression
          potentialSavings: `${Math.round(originalSize * 0.3)} bytes`
        };
      }
    };
  }

  async setupRetryMechanism() {
    console.log('Setting up bulk operation retry mechanism...');

    const retryConfig = {
      maxRetries: 3,
      backoffMultiplier: 2,
      baseDelay: 1000,
      maxDelay: 30000,
      retryableErrors: [
        'NetworkTimeout',
        'ConnectionPoolClosed',
        'WriteConcernError'
      ]
    };

    const isRetryableError = (error) => {
      return retryConfig.retryableErrors.some(retryableError => 
        error.message.includes(retryableError)
      );
    };

    const calculateDelay = (attempt) => {
      const delay = retryConfig.baseDelay * Math.pow(retryConfig.backoffMultiplier, attempt - 1);
      return Math.min(delay, retryConfig.maxDelay);
    };

    const retryOperation = async (operation, attempt = 1) => {
      try {
        return await operation();
      } catch (error) {
        if (attempt >= retryConfig.maxRetries || !isRetryableError(error)) {
          console.error(`Operation failed after ${attempt} attempts:`, error.message);
          throw error;
        }

        const delay = calculateDelay(attempt);
        console.log(`Retry attempt ${attempt}/${retryConfig.maxRetries} after ${delay}ms delay`);

        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, delay));
        return await retryOperation(operation, attempt + 1);
      }
    };

    return {
      retryBulkOperation: retryOperation,
      isRetryable: isRetryableError,
      getRetryConfig: () => retryConfig
    };
  }

  async setupBulkOperationMonitoring() {
    console.log('Setting up comprehensive bulk operation monitoring...');

    const monitoring = {
      activeOperations: new Map(),
      operationHistory: [],
      alerts: [],
      thresholds: {
        maxLatency: 10000, // 10 seconds
        minThroughput: 1000, // 1000 ops/sec
        maxErrorRate: 0.05 // 5%
      }
    };

    const trackOperation = (operationId, operationType, startTime) => {
      monitoring.activeOperations.set(operationId, {
        type: operationType,
        startTime,
        status: 'running'
      });
    };

    const completeOperation = (operationId, result) => {
      const operation = monitoring.activeOperations.get(operationId);
      if (!operation) return;

      const endTime = Date.now();
      const duration = endTime - operation.startTime;

      const historyEntry = {
        operationId,
        type: operation.type,
        duration,
        success: result.success,
        throughput: result.throughput,
        errorCount: result.errors?.length || 0,
        timestamp: new Date(endTime)
      };

      monitoring.operationHistory.push(historyEntry);
      monitoring.activeOperations.delete(operationId);

      // Keep only last 1000 history entries
      if (monitoring.operationHistory.length > 1000) {
        monitoring.operationHistory.shift();
      }

      // Check for alerts
      this.checkPerformanceAlerts(historyEntry, monitoring);
    };

    return {
      trackOperation,
      completeOperation,
      getActiveOperations: () => Array.from(monitoring.activeOperations.entries()),
      getOperationHistory: () => monitoring.operationHistory,
      getAlerts: () => monitoring.alerts,
      getPerformanceSummary: () => this.generatePerformanceSummary(monitoring)
    };
  }

  checkPerformanceAlerts(operation, monitoring) {
    const alerts = [];

    // Latency alert
    if (operation.duration > monitoring.thresholds.maxLatency) {
      alerts.push({
        type: 'HIGH_LATENCY',
        message: `Operation ${operation.operationId} took ${operation.duration}ms (threshold: ${monitoring.thresholds.maxLatency}ms)`,
        severity: 'warning',
        timestamp: new Date()
      });
    }

    // Throughput alert
    if (operation.throughput < monitoring.thresholds.minThroughput) {
      alerts.push({
        type: 'LOW_THROUGHPUT',
        message: `Operation ${operation.operationId} achieved ${operation.throughput} ops/sec (threshold: ${monitoring.thresholds.minThroughput} ops/sec)`,
        severity: 'warning',
        timestamp: new Date()
      });
    }

    // Error rate alert
    const recentOperations = monitoring.operationHistory.slice(-10);
    const errorRate = recentOperations.reduce((sum, op) => sum + (op.success ? 0 : 1), 0) / recentOperations.length;

    if (errorRate > monitoring.thresholds.maxErrorRate) {
      alerts.push({
        type: 'HIGH_ERROR_RATE',
        message: `Error rate ${(errorRate * 100).toFixed(1)}% exceeds threshold ${monitoring.thresholds.maxErrorRate * 100}%`,
        severity: 'critical',
        timestamp: new Date()
      });
    }

    monitoring.alerts.push(...alerts);

    // Keep only last 100 alerts
    if (monitoring.alerts.length > 100) {
      monitoring.alerts.splice(0, monitoring.alerts.length - 100);
    }
  }

  generatePerformanceSummary(monitoring) {
    const recentOperations = monitoring.operationHistory.slice(-50);

    if (recentOperations.length === 0) {
      return { message: 'No recent operations' };
    }

    const avgDuration = recentOperations.reduce((sum, op) => sum + op.duration, 0) / recentOperations.length;
    const avgThroughput = recentOperations.reduce((sum, op) => sum + op.throughput, 0) / recentOperations.length;
    const successRate = recentOperations.reduce((sum, op) => sum + (op.success ? 1 : 0), 0) / recentOperations.length;

    return {
      recentOperations: recentOperations.length,
      averageDuration: Math.round(avgDuration),
      averageThroughput: Math.round(avgThroughput),
      successRate: (successRate * 100).toFixed(1) + '%',
      activeOperations: monitoring.activeOperations.size,
      recentAlerts: monitoring.alerts.filter(alert => 
        Date.now() - alert.timestamp.getTime() < 300000 // Last 5 minutes
      ).length
    };
  }

  async demonstrateAdvancedPatterns() {
    console.log('\n=== Advanced Bulk Processing Patterns Demo ===');

    try {
      // Setup advanced processors
      const streamProcessor = await this.setupStreamingBulkProcessor();
      const priorityProcessor = await this.setupPriorityQueueProcessor();
      const adaptiveSizing = await this.setupAdaptiveBatchSizing();
      const retryMechanism = await this.setupRetryMechanism();
      const monitoring = await this.setupBulkOperationMonitoring();

      // Demo streaming processing
      console.log('\n--- Streaming Processing Demo ---');
      const streamingData = Array.from({ length: 2500 }, (_, i) => ({
        _id: new ObjectId(),
        streamId: `stream_${i}`,
        data: `streaming_data_${i}`,
        timestamp: new Date()
      }));

      // Add data to stream in chunks
      for (let i = 0; i < streamingData.length; i += 300) {
        const chunk = streamingData.slice(i, i + 300);
        await streamProcessor.streamingInsert(chunk, 'user_transactions');
        await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 100)); // Simulate streaming delay
      }

      console.log('Streaming stats:', streamProcessor.getStats());

      // Demo priority processing
      console.log('\n--- Priority Processing Demo ---');
      const criticalOps = Array.from({ length: 50 }, (_, i) => ({
        type: 'insert',
        document: { priority: 'critical', id: i, timestamp: new Date() }
      }));

      const normalOps = Array.from({ length: 200 }, (_, i) => ({
        type: 'insert', 
        document: { priority: 'normal', id: i + 1000, timestamp: new Date() }
      }));

      priorityProcessor.addToPriorityQueue(criticalOps, 1); // CRITICAL
      priorityProcessor.addToPriorityQueue(normalOps, 3);   // NORMAL

      await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 3000)); // Let priority processor work
      console.log('Priority queue stats:', priorityProcessor.getQueueStats());

      // Cleanup
      await streamProcessor.shutdown();
      priorityProcessor.shutdown();

      return {
        streamingDemo: streamProcessor.getStats(),
        priorityDemo: priorityProcessor.getQueueStats(),
        adaptiveConfig: adaptiveSizing.getConfig()
      };

    } catch (error) {
      console.error('Advanced patterns demo failed:', error);
      throw error;
    }
  }
}