MongoDB Transaction Error Handling and Recovery Patterns: Building Resilient Applications with Advanced Error Management and Automatic Retry Strategies

-- Traditional PostgreSQL transaction error handling - basic error management with limited recovery options

-- Simple transaction error tracking table
CREATE TABLE transaction_error_log (
    error_id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    transaction_id UUID,
    connection_id VARCHAR(100),

    -- Basic error information
    error_code VARCHAR(20),
    error_message TEXT,
    error_category VARCHAR(50), -- connection, constraint, timeout, etc.

    -- Timing information
    transaction_start_time TIMESTAMP,
    error_occurred_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,

    -- Context information (limited)
    table_name VARCHAR(100),
    operation_type VARCHAR(20), -- INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, SELECT
    affected_rows INTEGER,

    -- Simple retry tracking
    retry_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
    max_retries INTEGER DEFAULT 3,
    retry_successful BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,

    -- Manual resolution tracking
    resolved_at TIMESTAMP,
    resolution_method VARCHAR(100),
    resolved_by VARCHAR(100)
);

-- Basic transaction state tracking
CREATE TABLE active_transactions (
    transaction_id UUID PRIMARY KEY,
    connection_id VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    start_time TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,

    -- Simple state management
    transaction_status VARCHAR(20) DEFAULT 'active', -- active, committed, rolled_back, failed
    isolation_level VARCHAR(30),
    read_only BOOLEAN DEFAULT FALSE,

    -- Basic operation tracking
    operations_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
    tables_affected TEXT[], -- Simple array of table names

    -- Timeout management (basic)
    timeout_seconds INTEGER DEFAULT 300,
    last_activity TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,

    -- Error tracking
    error_count INTEGER DEFAULT 0,
    last_error_message TEXT,

    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    updated_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

-- Manual transaction recovery procedure (limited functionality)
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION recover_failed_transaction(
    p_transaction_id UUID,
    p_recovery_strategy VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT 'rollback'
) RETURNS TABLE (
    recovery_status VARCHAR(20),
    recovery_message TEXT,
    operations_recovered INTEGER
) AS $$
DECLARE
    v_transaction_record RECORD;
    v_recovery_count INTEGER := 0;
    v_retry_count INTEGER;
    v_max_retries INTEGER;
BEGIN
    -- Get transaction details
    SELECT * INTO v_transaction_record 
    FROM active_transactions 
    WHERE transaction_id = p_transaction_id;

    IF NOT FOUND THEN
        RETURN QUERY SELECT 'error'::VARCHAR(20), 
                           'Transaction not found'::TEXT, 
                           0::INTEGER;
        RETURN;
    END IF;

    -- Check retry limits (basic logic)
    SELECT retry_count, max_retries INTO v_retry_count, v_max_retries
    FROM transaction_error_log
    WHERE transaction_id = p_transaction_id
    ORDER BY error_occurred_at DESC
    LIMIT 1;

    IF v_retry_count >= v_max_retries THEN
        RETURN QUERY SELECT 'failed'::VARCHAR(20), 
                           'Maximum retries exceeded'::TEXT, 
                           0::INTEGER;
        RETURN;
    END IF;

    -- Simple recovery strategies
    CASE p_recovery_strategy
        WHEN 'rollback' THEN
            BEGIN
                -- Attempt to rollback (very basic)
                UPDATE active_transactions 
                SET transaction_status = 'rolled_back',
                    updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                WHERE transaction_id = p_transaction_id;

                v_recovery_count := 1;

                RETURN QUERY SELECT 'success'::VARCHAR(20), 
                                   'Transaction rolled back'::TEXT, 
                                   v_recovery_count::INTEGER;
            EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
                RETURN QUERY SELECT 'error'::VARCHAR(20), 
                                   SQLERRM::TEXT, 
                                   0::INTEGER;
            END;

        WHEN 'retry' THEN
            BEGIN
                -- Basic retry logic (very limited)
                UPDATE transaction_error_log 
                SET retry_count = retry_count + 1,
                    retry_successful = FALSE
                WHERE transaction_id = p_transaction_id;

                -- Reset transaction status for retry
                UPDATE active_transactions 
                SET transaction_status = 'active',
                    error_count = 0,
                    last_error_message = NULL,
                    updated_at = CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
                WHERE transaction_id = p_transaction_id;

                v_recovery_count := 1;

                RETURN QUERY SELECT 'retry'::VARCHAR(20), 
                                   'Transaction queued for retry'::TEXT, 
                                   v_recovery_count::INTEGER;
            EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN
                RETURN QUERY SELECT 'error'::VARCHAR(20), 
                                   SQLERRM::TEXT, 
                                   0::INTEGER;
            END;

        ELSE
            RETURN QUERY SELECT 'error'::VARCHAR(20), 
                               'Unknown recovery strategy'::TEXT, 
                               0::INTEGER;
    END CASE;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;

-- Basic transaction monitoring query (limited insights)
WITH transaction_health AS (
    SELECT 
        DATE_TRUNC('hour', start_time) as hour_bucket,

        -- Simple transaction metrics
        COUNT(*) as total_transactions,
        COUNT(CASE WHEN transaction_status = 'committed' THEN 1 END) as successful_transactions,
        COUNT(CASE WHEN transaction_status = 'rolled_back' THEN 1 END) as rolled_back_transactions,
        COUNT(CASE WHEN transaction_status = 'failed' THEN 1 END) as failed_transactions,
        COUNT(CASE WHEN transaction_status = 'active' AND 
                        EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - last_activity)) > timeout_seconds 
                  THEN 1 END) as timed_out_transactions,

        -- Basic performance metrics
        AVG(operations_count) as avg_operations_per_transaction,
        AVG(EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM (updated_at - start_time))) as avg_transaction_duration_seconds,

        -- Simple error analysis
        AVG(error_count) as avg_errors_per_transaction,
        COUNT(CASE WHEN error_count > 0 THEN 1 END) as transactions_with_errors

    FROM active_transactions
    WHERE start_time >= CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '24 hours'
    GROUP BY DATE_TRUNC('hour', start_time)
),

error_analysis AS (
    SELECT 
        DATE_TRUNC('hour', error_occurred_at) as hour_bucket,
        error_category,

        -- Error statistics
        COUNT(*) as error_count,
        COUNT(CASE WHEN retry_successful = TRUE THEN 1 END) as successful_retries,
        AVG(retry_count) as avg_retry_attempts,

        -- Common errors
        COUNT(CASE WHEN error_code LIKE 'SQLSTATE%' THEN 1 END) as sql_state_errors,
        COUNT(CASE WHEN error_message ILIKE '%timeout%' THEN 1 END) as timeout_errors,
        COUNT(CASE WHEN error_message ILIKE '%connection%' THEN 1 END) as connection_errors,
        COUNT(CASE WHEN error_message ILIKE '%deadlock%' THEN 1 END) as deadlock_errors

    FROM transaction_error_log
    WHERE error_occurred_at >= CURRENT_TIMESTAMP - INTERVAL '24 hours'
    GROUP BY DATE_TRUNC('hour', error_occurred_at), error_category
)

SELECT 
    th.hour_bucket,

    -- Transaction metrics
    th.total_transactions,
    th.successful_transactions,
    th.failed_transactions,
    ROUND((th.successful_transactions::DECIMAL / GREATEST(th.total_transactions, 1)) * 100, 2) as success_rate_percent,

    -- Performance metrics
    ROUND(th.avg_transaction_duration_seconds, 3) as avg_duration_seconds,
    ROUND(th.avg_operations_per_transaction, 1) as avg_operations,

    -- Error metrics
    COALESCE(SUM(ea.error_count), 0) as total_errors,
    COALESCE(SUM(ea.successful_retries), 0) as successful_retries,
    COALESCE(ROUND(AVG(ea.avg_retry_attempts), 1), 0) as avg_retry_attempts,

    -- Error categories
    COALESCE(SUM(ea.timeout_errors), 0) as timeout_errors,
    COALESCE(SUM(ea.connection_errors), 0) as connection_errors,
    COALESCE(SUM(ea.deadlock_errors), 0) as deadlock_errors,

    -- Health indicators
    th.timed_out_transactions,
    CASE 
        WHEN ROUND((th.successful_transactions::DECIMAL / GREATEST(th.total_transactions, 1)) * 100, 2) >= 95 THEN 'Healthy'
        WHEN ROUND((th.successful_transactions::DECIMAL / GREATEST(th.total_transactions, 1)) * 100, 2) >= 90 THEN 'Warning'
        ELSE 'Critical'
    END as health_status

FROM transaction_health th
LEFT JOIN error_analysis ea ON th.hour_bucket = ea.hour_bucket
GROUP BY th.hour_bucket, th.total_transactions, th.successful_transactions, 
         th.failed_transactions, th.avg_transaction_duration_seconds, 
         th.avg_operations_per_transaction, th.timed_out_transactions
ORDER BY th.hour_bucket DESC;

-- Problems with traditional transaction error handling:
-- 1. Basic error categorization with limited diagnostic information
-- 2. Manual retry logic without intelligent backoff strategies
-- 3. No automatic recovery based on error type and context
-- 4. Limited visibility into transaction state and progress
-- 5. Basic timeout handling without consideration of operation complexity
-- 6. No integration with connection pool health and server status
-- 7. Manual intervention required for most recovery scenarios
-- 8. Limited support for distributed transaction patterns
-- 9. Basic error aggregation without trend analysis
-- 10. No automatic optimization based on error patterns

// MongoDB advanced transaction error handling - intelligent and resilient
const { MongoClient } = require('mongodb');

// Comprehensive transaction error handling and recovery system
class MongoTransactionManager {
  constructor(client, options = {}) {
    this.client = client;
    this.options = {
      // Retry configuration
      maxRetryAttempts: options.maxRetryAttempts || 5,
      initialRetryDelayMs: options.initialRetryDelayMs || 100,
      maxRetryDelayMs: options.maxRetryDelayMs || 5000,
      retryDelayMultiplier: options.retryDelayMultiplier || 2,
      jitterFactor: options.jitterFactor || 0.1,

      // Transaction configuration
      defaultTransactionOptions: {
        readConcern: { level: options.readConcernLevel || 'snapshot' },
        writeConcern: { w: options.writeConcernW || 'majority', j: true },
        readPreference: options.readPreference || 'primary',
        maxCommitTimeMS: options.maxCommitTimeMS || 10000
      },

      // Error handling configuration
      retryableErrorCodes: options.retryableErrorCodes || [
        112, // WriteConflict
        117, // ConflictingOperationInProgress  
        133, // FailedToSatisfyReadPreference
        134, // ReadConcernMajorityNotAvailableYet
        208, // ExceededTimeLimit
        225, // LockTimeout
        244, // TransactionTooLarge
        251, // NoSuchTransaction
        256, // TransactionAborted
        261, // ExceededMaxTimeMS
        263, // TemporarilyUnavailable
        6   // HostUnreachable
      ],

      // Monitoring configuration
      enableDetailedLogging: options.enableDetailedLogging || true,
      enableMetricsCollection: options.enableMetricsCollection || true
    };

    this.transactionMetrics = {
      totalTransactions: 0,
      successfulTransactions: 0,
      failedTransactions: 0,
      retriedTransactions: 0,
      totalRetryAttempts: 0,
      errorsByCode: new Map(),
      errorsByCategory: new Map(),
      performanceStats: {
        averageTransactionDuration: 0,
        transactionDurations: [],
        retryDelays: [],
        averageRetryDelay: 0
      }
    };

    this.activeTransactions = new Map();
  }

  // Execute transaction with comprehensive error handling and retry logic
  async executeTransactionWithRetry(transactionFunction, transactionOptions = {}) {
    const transactionId = this.generateTransactionId();
    const startTime = Date.now();

    // Merge transaction options
    const mergedOptions = {
      ...this.options.defaultTransactionOptions,
      ...transactionOptions
    };

    let attempt = 1;
    let lastError = null;
    let session = null;

    // Track active transaction
    this.activeTransactions.set(transactionId, {
      id: transactionId,
      startTime: startTime,
      attempt: attempt,
      status: 'active',
      operationsExecuted: 0,
      errors: []
    });

    try {
      while (attempt <= this.options.maxRetryAttempts) {
        try {
          // Create new session for each attempt
          session = this.client.startSession();

          this.log(`Starting transaction ${transactionId}, attempt ${attempt}`);

          // Update transaction tracking
          this.updateTransactionStatus(transactionId, 'active', { attempt });

          // Execute transaction with intelligent error handling
          const result = await session.withTransaction(
            async (sessionContext) => {
              try {
                // Execute the user-provided transaction function
                const transactionResult = await transactionFunction(sessionContext, {
                  transactionId,
                  attempt,
                  onOperation: (operation) => this.trackOperation(transactionId, operation)
                });

                this.log(`Transaction ${transactionId} executed successfully on attempt ${attempt}`);
                return transactionResult;

              } catch (error) {
                this.log(`Transaction ${transactionId} error in user function:`, error);
                throw error;
              }
            },
            mergedOptions
          );

          // Transaction successful
          const duration = Date.now() - startTime;

          this.updateTransactionStatus(transactionId, 'committed', { 
            duration,
            totalAttempts: attempt 
          });

          this.recordSuccessfulTransaction(transactionId, duration, attempt);

          this.log(`Transaction ${transactionId} committed successfully after ${attempt} attempts (${duration}ms)`);

          return {
            success: true,
            result: result,
            transactionId: transactionId,
            attempts: attempt,
            duration: duration,
            metrics: this.getTransactionMetrics(transactionId)
          };

        } catch (error) {
          lastError = error;

          this.log(`Transaction ${transactionId} attempt ${attempt} failed:`, error);

          // Record error for analysis
          this.recordTransactionError(transactionId, error, attempt);

          // Analyze error and determine if retry is appropriate
          const errorAnalysis = this.analyzeTransactionError(error);

          if (!errorAnalysis.retryable || attempt >= this.options.maxRetryAttempts) {
            // Error is not retryable or max attempts reached
            this.updateTransactionStatus(transactionId, 'failed', { 
              finalError: error,
              totalAttempts: attempt,
              errorAnalysis 
            });

            break;
          }

          // Calculate intelligent retry delay
          const retryDelay = this.calculateRetryDelay(attempt, errorAnalysis);

          this.log(`Transaction ${transactionId} will retry in ${retryDelay}ms (attempt ${attempt + 1}/${this.options.maxRetryAttempts})`);

          // Update metrics
          this.transactionMetrics.totalRetryAttempts++;
          this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.retryDelays.push(retryDelay);

          // Wait before retry
          if (retryDelay > 0) {
            await this.sleep(retryDelay);
          }

          attempt++;

        } finally {
          // Always close session
          if (session) {
            try {
              await session.endSession();
            } catch (sessionError) {
              this.log(`Error ending session for transaction ${transactionId}:`, sessionError);
            }
          }
        }
      }

      // All retries exhausted
      const totalDuration = Date.now() - startTime;

      this.recordFailedTransaction(transactionId, lastError, attempt - 1, totalDuration);

      this.log(`Transaction ${transactionId} failed after ${attempt - 1} attempts (${totalDuration}ms)`);

      return {
        success: false,
        error: lastError,
        transactionId: transactionId,
        attempts: attempt - 1,
        duration: totalDuration,
        errorAnalysis: this.analyzeTransactionError(lastError),
        metrics: this.getTransactionMetrics(transactionId),
        recoveryRecommendations: this.generateRecoveryRecommendations(transactionId, lastError)
      };

    } finally {
      // Clean up transaction tracking
      this.activeTransactions.delete(transactionId);
    }
  }

  // Intelligent error analysis for MongoDB transactions
  analyzeTransactionError(error) {
    const analysis = {
      errorCode: error.code,
      errorMessage: error.message,
      errorName: error.name,
      retryable: false,
      category: 'unknown',
      severity: 'medium',
      recommendedAction: 'investigate',
      estimatedRecoveryTime: 0,
      contextualInfo: {}
    };

    // Categorize error based on code and message
    if (error.code) {
      // Transient errors that should be retried
      if (this.options.retryableErrorCodes.includes(error.code)) {
        analysis.retryable = true;
        analysis.category = this.categorizeMongoError(error.code);
        analysis.severity = 'low';
        analysis.recommendedAction = 'retry';
        analysis.estimatedRecoveryTime = this.estimateRecoveryTime(error.code);
      }

      // Specific error code analysis
      switch (error.code) {
        case 112: // WriteConflict
          analysis.category = 'concurrency';
          analysis.recommendedAction = 'retry_with_backoff';
          analysis.contextualInfo.suggestion = 'Consider optimizing transaction scope to reduce conflicts';
          break;

        case 117: // ConflictingOperationInProgress
          analysis.category = 'concurrency';
          analysis.recommendedAction = 'retry_with_longer_delay';
          analysis.contextualInfo.suggestion = 'Wait for conflicting operation to complete';
          break;

        case 133: // FailedToSatisfyReadPreference
          analysis.category = 'availability';
          analysis.recommendedAction = 'check_replica_set_status';
          analysis.contextualInfo.suggestion = 'Verify replica set member availability';
          break;

        case 208: // ExceededTimeLimit
        case 261: // ExceededMaxTimeMS
          analysis.category = 'timeout';
          analysis.recommendedAction = 'optimize_or_increase_timeout';
          analysis.contextualInfo.suggestion = 'Consider breaking transaction into smaller operations';
          break;

        case 244: // TransactionTooLarge
          analysis.category = 'resource';
          analysis.retryable = false;
          analysis.severity = 'high';
          analysis.recommendedAction = 'reduce_transaction_size';
          analysis.contextualInfo.suggestion = 'Split transaction into smaller operations';
          break;

        case 251: // NoSuchTransaction
          analysis.category = 'state';
          analysis.recommendedAction = 'restart_transaction';
          analysis.contextualInfo.suggestion = 'Transaction may have been cleaned up by server';
          break;

        case 256: // TransactionAborted
          analysis.category = 'aborted';
          analysis.recommendedAction = 'retry_full_transaction';
          analysis.contextualInfo.suggestion = 'Transaction was aborted due to conflict or timeout';
          break;
      }
    }

    // Network-related errors
    if (error.message && (
      error.message.includes('network') || 
      error.message.includes('connection') ||
      error.message.includes('timeout') ||
      error.message.includes('unreachable')
    )) {
      analysis.retryable = true;
      analysis.category = 'network';
      analysis.recommendedAction = 'retry_with_exponential_backoff';
      analysis.estimatedRecoveryTime = 5000; // 5 seconds
      analysis.contextualInfo.suggestion = 'Check network connectivity and server status';
    }

    // Resource exhaustion errors
    if (error.message && (
      error.message.includes('memory') ||
      error.message.includes('disk space') ||
      error.message.includes('too many connections')
    )) {
      analysis.retryable = true;
      analysis.category = 'resource';
      analysis.severity = 'high';
      analysis.recommendedAction = 'wait_for_resources';
      analysis.estimatedRecoveryTime = 10000; // 10 seconds
      analysis.contextualInfo.suggestion = 'Monitor server resource usage';
    }

    return analysis;
  }

  categorizeMongoError(errorCode) {
    const errorCategories = {
      112: 'concurrency',    // WriteConflict
      117: 'concurrency',    // ConflictingOperationInProgress
      133: 'availability',   // FailedToSatisfyReadPreference
      134: 'availability',   // ReadConcernMajorityNotAvailableYet
      208: 'timeout',        // ExceededTimeLimit
      225: 'concurrency',    // LockTimeout
      244: 'resource',       // TransactionTooLarge
      251: 'state',          // NoSuchTransaction
      256: 'aborted',        // TransactionAborted
      261: 'timeout',        // ExceededMaxTimeMS
      263: 'availability',   // TemporarilyUnavailable
      6: 'network'           // HostUnreachable
    };

    return errorCategories[errorCode] || 'unknown';
  }

  estimateRecoveryTime(errorCode) {
    const recoveryTimes = {
      112: 100,   // WriteConflict - quick retry
      117: 500,   // ConflictingOperationInProgress - wait for operation
      133: 2000,  // FailedToSatisfyReadPreference - wait for replica
      134: 1000,  // ReadConcernMajorityNotAvailableYet - wait for majority
      208: 5000,  // ExceededTimeLimit - wait before retry
      225: 200,   // LockTimeout - quick retry
      251: 100,   // NoSuchTransaction - immediate retry
      256: 300,   // TransactionAborted - short wait
      261: 3000,  // ExceededMaxTimeMS - moderate wait
      263: 1000,  // TemporarilyUnavailable - short wait
      6: 5000     // HostUnreachable - wait for network
    };

    return recoveryTimes[errorCode] || 1000;
  }

  // Calculate intelligent retry delay with exponential backoff and jitter
  calculateRetryDelay(attemptNumber, errorAnalysis) {
    // Base delay calculation with exponential backoff
    let baseDelay = Math.min(
      this.options.initialRetryDelayMs * Math.pow(this.options.retryDelayMultiplier, attemptNumber - 1),
      this.options.maxRetryDelayMs
    );

    // Adjust based on error analysis
    if (errorAnalysis.estimatedRecoveryTime > 0) {
      baseDelay = Math.max(baseDelay, errorAnalysis.estimatedRecoveryTime);
    }

    // Add jitter to prevent thundering herd
    const jitterRange = baseDelay * this.options.jitterFactor;
    const jitter = (Math.random() * 2 - 1) * jitterRange; // Random value between -jitterRange and +jitterRange

    const finalDelay = Math.max(0, Math.floor(baseDelay + jitter));

    this.log(`Calculated retry delay: base=${baseDelay}ms, jitter=${jitter.toFixed(1)}ms, final=${finalDelay}ms`);

    return finalDelay;
  }

  // Generate recovery recommendations based on error patterns
  generateRecoveryRecommendations(transactionId, error) {
    const recommendations = [];
    const errorAnalysis = this.analyzeTransactionError(error);

    // Category-specific recommendations
    switch (errorAnalysis.category) {
      case 'concurrency':
        recommendations.push({
          type: 'optimization',
          priority: 'medium',
          description: 'Optimize transaction scope to reduce write conflicts',
          actions: [
            'Consider breaking large transactions into smaller operations',
            'Review document access patterns for optimization opportunities',
            'Implement optimistic locking where appropriate'
          ]
        });
        break;

      case 'timeout':
        recommendations.push({
          type: 'configuration',
          priority: 'high',
          description: 'Address transaction timeout issues',
          actions: [
            'Increase maxCommitTimeMS if operations are legitimately slow',
            'Optimize query performance with proper indexing',
            'Consider breaking complex operations into smaller transactions'
          ]
        });
        break;

      case 'resource':
        recommendations.push({
          type: 'scaling',
          priority: 'high',
          description: 'Address resource constraints',
          actions: [
            'Monitor server resource usage (CPU, memory, disk)',
            'Consider vertical or horizontal scaling',
            'Implement connection pooling optimization'
          ]
        });
        break;

      case 'network':
        recommendations.push({
          type: 'infrastructure',
          priority: 'high',
          description: 'Address network connectivity issues',
          actions: [
            'Check network connectivity between application and database',
            'Verify MongoDB server status and availability',
            'Consider implementing circuit breaker pattern'
          ]
        });
        break;

      case 'availability':
        recommendations.push({
          type: 'deployment',
          priority: 'high',
          description: 'Address replica set availability',
          actions: [
            'Check replica set member status',
            'Verify read preference configuration',
            'Monitor replica lag and catch-up status'
          ]
        });
        break;
    }

    // Pattern-based recommendations
    const transactionHistory = this.getTransactionHistory(transactionId);
    if (transactionHistory && transactionHistory.errors.length > 1) {
      // Check for recurring error patterns
      const errorCodes = transactionHistory.errors.map(e => e.code);
      const uniqueErrorCodes = [...new Set(errorCodes)];

      if (uniqueErrorCodes.length === 1) {
        recommendations.push({
          type: 'pattern',
          priority: 'high',
          description: 'Recurring error pattern detected',
          actions: [
            `Address root cause of error ${uniqueErrorCodes[0]}`,
            'Consider implementing circuit breaker pattern',
            'Review application architecture for reliability improvements'
          ]
        });
      }
    }

    return recommendations;
  }

  // Advanced transaction monitoring and metrics collection
  recordSuccessfulTransaction(transactionId, duration, attempts) {
    this.transactionMetrics.totalTransactions++;
    this.transactionMetrics.successfulTransactions++;

    if (attempts > 1) {
      this.transactionMetrics.retriedTransactions++;
    }

    // Update performance statistics
    this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.transactionDurations.push(duration);

    // Keep only recent durations for average calculation
    if (this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.transactionDurations.length > 1000) {
      this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.transactionDurations = 
        this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.transactionDurations.slice(-500);
    }

    // Recalculate average
    this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.averageTransactionDuration = 
      this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.transactionDurations.reduce((sum, d) => sum + d, 0) /
      this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.transactionDurations.length;

    this.log(`Transaction ${transactionId} metrics recorded: duration=${duration}ms, attempts=${attempts}`);
  }

  recordFailedTransaction(transactionId, error, attempts, duration) {
    this.transactionMetrics.totalTransactions++;
    this.transactionMetrics.failedTransactions++;

    if (attempts > 1) {
      this.transactionMetrics.retriedTransactions++;
    }

    // Record error statistics
    const errorCode = error.code || 'unknown';
    const currentCount = this.transactionMetrics.errorsByCode.get(errorCode) || 0;
    this.transactionMetrics.errorsByCode.set(errorCode, currentCount + 1);

    const errorCategory = this.categorizeMongoError(error.code);
    const currentCategoryCount = this.transactionMetrics.errorsByCategory.get(errorCategory) || 0;
    this.transactionMetrics.errorsByCategory.set(errorCategory, currentCategoryCount + 1);

    this.log(`Transaction ${transactionId} failure recorded: error=${errorCode}, attempts=${attempts}, duration=${duration}ms`);
  }

  recordTransactionError(transactionId, error, attempt) {
    const transaction = this.activeTransactions.get(transactionId);
    if (transaction) {
      transaction.errors.push({
        attempt: attempt,
        error: error,
        timestamp: new Date(),
        errorCode: error.code,
        errorMessage: error.message,
        analysis: this.analyzeTransactionError(error)
      });
    }
  }

  updateTransactionStatus(transactionId, status, additionalInfo = {}) {
    const transaction = this.activeTransactions.get(transactionId);
    if (transaction) {
      transaction.status = status;
      transaction.lastUpdated = new Date();
      Object.assign(transaction, additionalInfo);
    }
  }

  trackOperation(transactionId, operation) {
    const transaction = this.activeTransactions.get(transactionId);
    if (transaction) {
      transaction.operationsExecuted++;
      transaction.lastOperation = {
        type: operation.type,
        collection: operation.collection,
        timestamp: new Date()
      };
    }
  }

  getTransactionMetrics(transactionId) {
    const transaction = this.activeTransactions.get(transactionId);
    return {
      transactionId: transactionId,
      operationsExecuted: transaction ? transaction.operationsExecuted : 0,
      errors: transaction ? transaction.errors : [],
      status: transaction ? transaction.status : 'unknown',
      startTime: transaction ? transaction.startTime : null,
      duration: transaction ? Date.now() - transaction.startTime : 0
    };
  }

  getTransactionHistory(transactionId) {
    return this.activeTransactions.get(transactionId);
  }

  // Comprehensive transaction health monitoring
  getTransactionHealthReport() {
    const report = {
      timestamp: new Date(),
      overall: {
        totalTransactions: this.transactionMetrics.totalTransactions,
        successfulTransactions: this.transactionMetrics.successfulTransactions,
        failedTransactions: this.transactionMetrics.failedTransactions,
        retriedTransactions: this.transactionMetrics.retriedTransactions,
        totalRetryAttempts: this.transactionMetrics.totalRetryAttempts,
        successRate: this.transactionMetrics.totalTransactions > 0 ? 
          (this.transactionMetrics.successfulTransactions / this.transactionMetrics.totalTransactions) * 100 : 0,
        retryRate: this.transactionMetrics.totalTransactions > 0 ?
          (this.transactionMetrics.retriedTransactions / this.transactionMetrics.totalTransactions) * 100 : 0
      },
      performance: {
        averageTransactionDuration: this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.averageTransactionDuration,
        averageRetryDelay: this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.retryDelays.length > 0 ?
          this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.retryDelays.reduce((sum, d) => sum + d, 0) /
          this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.retryDelays.length : 0,
        totalRecentTransactions: this.transactionMetrics.performanceStats.transactionDurations.length
      },
      errors: {
        byCode: Object.fromEntries(this.transactionMetrics.errorsByCode),
        byCategory: Object.fromEntries(this.transactionMetrics.errorsByCategory),
        mostCommonError: this.getMostCommonError(),
        mostCommonCategory: this.getMostCommonErrorCategory()
      },
      activeTransactions: {
        count: this.activeTransactions.size,
        transactions: Array.from(this.activeTransactions.values()).map(t => ({
          id: t.id,
          status: t.status,
          duration: Date.now() - t.startTime,
          attempts: t.attempt,
          operationsExecuted: t.operationsExecuted,
          errorCount: t.errors ? t.errors.length : 0
        }))
      }
    };

    return report;
  }

  getMostCommonError() {
    let maxCount = 0;
    let mostCommonError = null;

    for (const [errorCode, count] of this.transactionMetrics.errorsByCode.entries()) {
      if (count > maxCount) {
        maxCount = count;
        mostCommonError = { code: errorCode, count: count };
      }
    }

    return mostCommonError;
  }

  getMostCommonErrorCategory() {
    let maxCount = 0;
    let mostCommonCategory = null;

    for (const [category, count] of this.transactionMetrics.errorsByCategory.entries()) {
      if (count > maxCount) {
        maxCount = count;
        mostCommonCategory = { category: category, count: count };
      }
    }

    return mostCommonCategory;
  }

  // Utility methods
  generateTransactionId() {
    return `txn_${Date.now()}_${Math.random().toString(36).substr(2, 9)}`;
  }

  sleep(ms) {
    return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
  }

  log(message, error = null) {
    if (this.options.enableDetailedLogging) {
      const timestamp = new Date().toISOString();
      if (error) {
        console.log(`[${timestamp}] ${message}`, error);
      } else {
        console.log(`[${timestamp}] ${message}`);
      }
    }
  }
}

// Example usage with comprehensive error handling
async function demonstrateTransactionErrorHandling() {
  const client = new MongoClient('mongodb://localhost:27017');
  await client.connect();

  const transactionManager = new MongoTransactionManager(client, {
    maxRetryAttempts: 3,
    initialRetryDelayMs: 100,
    maxRetryDelayMs: 5000,
    enableDetailedLogging: true,
    enableMetricsCollection: true
  });

  try {
    // Example transaction with comprehensive error handling
    const result = await transactionManager.executeTransactionWithRetry(
      async (session, context) => {
        const { transactionId, attempt } = context;

        console.log(`Executing business logic for transaction ${transactionId}, attempt ${attempt}`);

        const db = client.db('ecommerce');
        const ordersCollection = db.collection('orders');
        const inventoryCollection = db.collection('inventory');
        const accountsCollection = db.collection('accounts');

        // Track operations for monitoring
        context.onOperation({ type: 'insert', collection: 'orders' });
        context.onOperation({ type: 'update', collection: 'inventory' });
        context.onOperation({ type: 'update', collection: 'accounts' });

        // Complex business transaction
        const order = {
          orderId: `order_${Date.now()}`,
          customerId: 'customer_123',
          items: [
            { productId: 'prod_456', quantity: 2, price: 29.99 },
            { productId: 'prod_789', quantity: 1, price: 49.99 }
          ],
          totalAmount: 109.97,
          status: 'pending',
          createdAt: new Date()
        };

        // Insert order
        const orderResult = await ordersCollection.insertOne(order, { session });

        // Update inventory
        for (const item of order.items) {
          const inventoryUpdate = await inventoryCollection.updateOne(
            { productId: item.productId, quantity: { $gte: item.quantity } },
            { $inc: { quantity: -item.quantity } },
            { session }
          );

          if (inventoryUpdate.modifiedCount === 0) {
            throw new Error(`Insufficient inventory for product ${item.productId}`);
          }
        }

        // Update customer account
        await accountsCollection.updateOne(
          { customerId: order.customerId },
          { 
            $inc: { totalOrders: 1, totalSpent: order.totalAmount },
            $set: { lastOrderDate: new Date() }
          },
          { session }
        );

        return {
          orderId: order.orderId,
          orderResult: orderResult,
          message: 'Order processed successfully'
        };
      },
      {
        // Custom transaction options
        maxCommitTimeMS: 15000,
        readConcern: { level: 'snapshot' },
        writeConcern: { w: 'majority', j: true }
      }
    );

    if (result.success) {
      console.log('Transaction completed successfully:', result);
    } else {
      console.error('Transaction failed after all retries:', result);
    }

    // Get comprehensive health report
    const healthReport = transactionManager.getTransactionHealthReport();
    console.log('Transaction Health Report:', JSON.stringify(healthReport, null, 2));

  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Unexpected error:', error);
  } finally {
    await client.close();
  }
}

// Benefits of MongoDB intelligent transaction error handling:
// - Automatic retry logic with exponential backoff and jitter
// - Intelligent error classification and recovery recommendations
// - Comprehensive transaction state tracking and monitoring
// - Advanced performance metrics and health reporting
// - Context-aware error analysis and recovery strategies
// - Built-in support for MongoDB-specific error patterns
// - Detailed logging and diagnostic information
// - Integration with MongoDB driver optimization features
// - Automatic detection of retryable vs. non-retryable errors
// - Production-ready resilience and reliability patterns

// Advanced MongoDB error recovery patterns for enterprise resilience
class MongoResilienceManager {
  constructor(client, options = {}) {
    this.client = client;
    this.transactionManager = new MongoTransactionManager(client, options);

    this.recoveryStrategies = new Map();
    this.circuitBreakers = new Map();
    this.healthCheckers = new Map();

    this.options = {
      // Circuit breaker configuration
      circuitBreakerThreshold: options.circuitBreakerThreshold || 5,
      circuitBreakerTimeout: options.circuitBreakerTimeout || 60000,
      circuitBreakerVolumeThreshold: options.circuitBreakerVolumeThreshold || 10,

      // Health check configuration
      healthCheckInterval: options.healthCheckInterval || 30000,
      healthCheckTimeout: options.healthCheckTimeout || 5000,

      // Recovery configuration
      enableAutomaticRecovery: options.enableAutomaticRecovery || true,
      maxRecoveryAttempts: options.maxRecoveryAttempts || 3
    };

    this.initialize();
  }

  initialize() {
    // Set up circuit breakers for different operation types
    this.setupCircuitBreakers();

    // Initialize health monitoring
    this.startHealthMonitoring();

    // Register recovery strategies
    this.registerRecoveryStrategies();
  }

  setupCircuitBreakers() {
    const operationTypes = ['transaction', 'query', 'update', 'insert', 'delete'];

    operationTypes.forEach(opType => {
      this.circuitBreakers.set(opType, {
        state: 'closed', // closed, open, half-open
        failureCount: 0,
        lastFailureTime: null,
        successCount: 0,
        totalRequests: 0,
        threshold: this.options.circuitBreakerThreshold,
        timeout: this.options.circuitBreakerTimeout,
        volumeThreshold: this.options.circuitBreakerVolumeThreshold
      });
    });
  }

  // Execute operation with circuit breaker protection
  async executeWithCircuitBreaker(operationType, operation) {
    const circuitBreaker = this.circuitBreakers.get(operationType);

    if (!circuitBreaker) {
      throw new Error(`No circuit breaker configured for operation type: ${operationType}`);
    }

    // Check circuit breaker state
    const canExecute = this.checkCircuitBreaker(circuitBreaker);

    if (!canExecute) {
      throw new Error(`Circuit breaker is OPEN for ${operationType}. Service temporarily unavailable.`);
    }

    try {
      // Execute operation
      const result = await operation();

      // Record success
      this.recordCircuitBreakerSuccess(circuitBreaker);

      return result;

    } catch (error) {
      // Record failure
      this.recordCircuitBreakerFailure(circuitBreaker);

      throw error;
    }
  }

  checkCircuitBreaker(circuitBreaker) {
    const now = Date.now();

    switch (circuitBreaker.state) {
      case 'closed':
        return true;

      case 'open':
        // Check if timeout has elapsed
        if (now - circuitBreaker.lastFailureTime >= circuitBreaker.timeout) {
          circuitBreaker.state = 'half-open';
          return true;
        }
        return false;

      case 'half-open':
        return true;

      default:
        return false;
    }
  }

  recordCircuitBreakerSuccess(circuitBreaker) {
    circuitBreaker.successCount++;
    circuitBreaker.totalRequests++;

    if (circuitBreaker.state === 'half-open') {
      // Reset circuit breaker on successful half-open request
      circuitBreaker.state = 'closed';
      circuitBreaker.failureCount = 0;
    }
  }

  recordCircuitBreakerFailure(circuitBreaker) {
    circuitBreaker.failureCount++;
    circuitBreaker.totalRequests++;
    circuitBreaker.lastFailureTime = Date.now();

    // Check if should open circuit
    if (circuitBreaker.totalRequests >= circuitBreaker.volumeThreshold &&
        circuitBreaker.failureCount >= circuitBreaker.threshold) {
      circuitBreaker.state = 'open';
      console.log(`Circuit breaker opened due to ${circuitBreaker.failureCount} failures`);
    }
  }

  // Comprehensive transaction execution with full resilience features
  async executeResilientTransaction(transactionFunction, options = {}) {
    const operationType = 'transaction';

    return await this.executeWithCircuitBreaker(operationType, async () => {
      // Execute transaction with comprehensive error handling
      const result = await this.transactionManager.executeTransactionWithRetry(
        transactionFunction,
        options
      );

      // If transaction failed, attempt recovery if enabled
      if (!result.success && this.options.enableAutomaticRecovery) {
        const recoveryResult = await this.attemptTransactionRecovery(result);
        if (recoveryResult && recoveryResult.success) {
          return recoveryResult;
        }
      }

      return result;
    });
  }

  // Intelligent transaction recovery based on error patterns
  async attemptTransactionRecovery(failedResult) {
    const { error, transactionId, attempts, errorAnalysis } = failedResult;

    console.log(`Attempting recovery for failed transaction ${transactionId}`);

    // Get appropriate recovery strategy
    const recoveryStrategy = this.getRecoveryStrategy(errorAnalysis);

    if (!recoveryStrategy) {
      console.log(`No recovery strategy available for error category: ${errorAnalysis.category}`);
      return null;
    }

    try {
      const recoveryResult = await recoveryStrategy.execute(failedResult);

      console.log(`Recovery attempt completed for transaction ${transactionId}:`, recoveryResult);

      return recoveryResult;

    } catch (recoveryError) {
      console.error(`Recovery failed for transaction ${transactionId}:`, recoveryError);
      return null;
    }
  }

  registerRecoveryStrategies() {
    // Network connectivity recovery
    this.recoveryStrategies.set('network', {
      execute: async (failedResult) => {
        console.log('Executing network recovery strategy');

        // Wait for network to recover
        await this.waitForNetworkRecovery();

        // Check server connectivity
        const healthOk = await this.performHealthCheck();

        if (healthOk) {
          console.log('Network recovery successful, retrying transaction');
          // Could retry the transaction here if the original function is available
          return { success: true, recovered: true, strategy: 'network' };
        }

        return { success: false, recovered: false, strategy: 'network' };
      }
    });

    // Resource recovery
    this.recoveryStrategies.set('resource', {
      execute: async (failedResult) => {
        console.log('Executing resource recovery strategy');

        // Wait for resources to become available
        await this.waitForResourceAvailability();

        // Check resource status
        const resourcesOk = await this.checkResourceStatus();

        if (resourcesOk) {
          console.log('Resource recovery successful');
          return { success: true, recovered: true, strategy: 'resource' };
        }

        return { success: false, recovered: false, strategy: 'resource' };
      }
    });

    // Availability recovery (replica set issues)
    this.recoveryStrategies.set('availability', {
      execute: async (failedResult) => {
        console.log('Executing availability recovery strategy');

        // Check replica set status
        const replicaSetOk = await this.checkReplicaSetHealth();

        if (replicaSetOk) {
          console.log('Availability recovery successful');
          return { success: true, recovered: true, strategy: 'availability' };
        }

        // Wait for replica set to recover
        await this.waitForReplicaSetRecovery();

        const recoveredReplicaSetOk = await this.checkReplicaSetHealth();

        return {
          success: recoveredReplicaSetOk,
          recovered: recoveredReplicaSetOk,
          strategy: 'availability'
        };
      }
    });
  }

  getRecoveryStrategy(errorAnalysis) {
    return this.recoveryStrategies.get(errorAnalysis.category);
  }

  // Health monitoring and recovery assistance
  startHealthMonitoring() {
    setInterval(async () => {
      try {
        await this.performComprehensiveHealthCheck();
      } catch (error) {
        console.error('Health monitoring error:', error);
      }
    }, this.options.healthCheckInterval);
  }

  async performComprehensiveHealthCheck() {
    const healthStatus = {
      timestamp: new Date(),
      overall: 'unknown',
      components: {}
    };

    try {
      // Check basic connectivity
      healthStatus.components.connectivity = await this.checkConnectivity();

      // Check replica set status
      healthStatus.components.replicaSet = await this.checkReplicaSetHealth();

      // Check resource status
      healthStatus.components.resources = await this.checkResourceStatus();

      // Check circuit breaker status
      healthStatus.components.circuitBreakers = this.getCircuitBreakerStatus();

      // Check transaction manager health
      healthStatus.components.transactionManager = this.transactionManager.getTransactionHealthReport();

      // Determine overall health
      const componentStatuses = Object.values(healthStatus.components);
      const healthyComponents = componentStatuses.filter(status => 
        status === true || (typeof status === 'object' && status.healthy !== false)
      );

      if (healthyComponents.length === componentStatuses.length) {
        healthStatus.overall = 'healthy';
      } else if (healthyComponents.length >= componentStatuses.length * 0.7) {
        healthStatus.overall = 'degraded';
      } else {
        healthStatus.overall = 'unhealthy';
      }

      // Store health status
      this.lastHealthStatus = healthStatus;

      return healthStatus;

    } catch (error) {
      healthStatus.overall = 'error';
      healthStatus.error = error.message;
      return healthStatus;
    }
  }

  async checkConnectivity() {
    try {
      const admin = this.client.db('admin');
      await admin.command({ ping: 1 }, { maxTimeMS: this.options.healthCheckTimeout });
      return true;
    } catch (error) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  async checkReplicaSetHealth() {
    try {
      const admin = this.client.db('admin');
      const status = await admin.command({ replSetGetStatus: 1 });

      // Check if majority of members are healthy
      const healthyMembers = status.members.filter(member => 
        member.health === 1 && ['PRIMARY', 'SECONDARY'].includes(member.stateStr)
      );

      return {
        healthy: healthyMembers.length >= Math.ceil(status.members.length / 2),
        totalMembers: status.members.length,
        healthyMembers: healthyMembers.length,
        primaryAvailable: status.members.some(m => m.stateStr === 'PRIMARY')
      };

    } catch (error) {
      // Might not be a replica set or insufficient privileges
      return { healthy: true, note: 'Replica set status unavailable' };
    }
  }

  async checkResourceStatus() {
    try {
      const admin = this.client.db('admin');
      const serverStatus = await admin.command({ serverStatus: 1 });

      const memUsage = serverStatus.mem.resident / serverStatus.mem.virtual;
      const connectionUsage = serverStatus.connections.current / serverStatus.connections.available;

      return {
        healthy: memUsage < 0.9 && connectionUsage < 0.9,
        memoryUsage: memUsage,
        connectionUsage: connectionUsage,
        connections: serverStatus.connections,
        memory: serverStatus.mem
      };

    } catch (error) {
      return { healthy: false, error: error.message };
    }
  }

  getCircuitBreakerStatus() {
    const status = {};

    for (const [opType, breaker] of this.circuitBreakers.entries()) {
      status[opType] = {
        state: breaker.state,
        failureCount: breaker.failureCount,
        successCount: breaker.successCount,
        totalRequests: breaker.totalRequests,
        failureRate: breaker.totalRequests > 0 ? 
          (breaker.failureCount / breaker.totalRequests) * 100 : 0
      };
    }

    return status;
  }

  // Recovery assistance methods
  async waitForNetworkRecovery() {
    const maxWaitTime = 30000; // 30 seconds
    const checkInterval = 1000;  // 1 second
    let waited = 0;

    while (waited < maxWaitTime) {
      try {
        const connected = await this.checkConnectivity();
        if (connected) {
          return true;
        }
      } catch (error) {
        // Continue waiting
      }

      await this.sleep(checkInterval);
      waited += checkInterval;
    }

    return false;
  }

  async waitForResourceAvailability() {
    const maxWaitTime = 60000; // 60 seconds
    const checkInterval = 5000;  // 5 seconds
    let waited = 0;

    while (waited < maxWaitTime) {
      try {
        const resourceStatus = await this.checkResourceStatus();
        if (resourceStatus.healthy) {
          return true;
        }
      } catch (error) {
        // Continue waiting
      }

      await this.sleep(checkInterval);
      waited += checkInterval;
    }

    return false;
  }

  async waitForReplicaSetRecovery() {
    const maxWaitTime = 120000; // 2 minutes
    const checkInterval = 10000;  // 10 seconds
    let waited = 0;

    while (waited < maxWaitTime) {
      try {
        const replicaStatus = await this.checkReplicaSetHealth();
        if (replicaStatus.healthy) {
          return true;
        }
      } catch (error) {
        // Continue waiting
      }

      await this.sleep(checkInterval);
      waited += checkInterval;
    }

    return false;
  }

  async performHealthCheck() {
    const health = await this.performComprehensiveHealthCheck();
    return health.overall === 'healthy' || health.overall === 'degraded';
  }

  sleep(ms) {
    return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
  }

  // Get comprehensive resilience report
  getResilienceReport() {
    return {
      timestamp: new Date(),
      circuitBreakers: this.getCircuitBreakerStatus(),
      transactionHealth: this.transactionManager.getTransactionHealthReport(),
      lastHealthCheck: this.lastHealthStatus,
      recoveryStrategies: Array.from(this.recoveryStrategies.keys()),
      configuration: {
        circuitBreakerThreshold: this.options.circuitBreakerThreshold,
        circuitBreakerTimeout: this.options.circuitBreakerTimeout,
        healthCheckInterval: this.options.healthCheckInterval,
        automaticRecoveryEnabled: this.options.enableAutomaticRecovery
      }
    };
  }
}